censuses can also be attributed to changes in the identification of individuals as "Native American." Since 1960, the U.S. The twentieth-century increase in the Native American population reflected in successive U.S. Intermarried American Indian women generally had lower fertility rates in 1980 than American Indian women married to American Indian men however, intermarried American Indian women still had higher fertility than that of the total U.S. In 1980, for example, married American Indian women aged 35 to 44 had a mean number of children ever born of 3.61, in comparison with 2.77 for the total U.S. The population recovery has also resulted from adaptation through intermarriage with non-native peoples and changing fertility patterns during the twentieth century, whereby American Indian birth rates have remained higher than those of the average North American population. For example, life expectancy at birth increased from 51.6 years in 1940 to 71.1 years in 1980, compared with an increase from 64.2 to 74.4 years among whites during the same period (Snipp, 1989). The population recovery among Native Americans has resulted in part from lower mortality rates and increases in life expectancy as the effects of "Old World" diseases and other reasons for population decline associated with colonialism have diminished (see Thornton, 1987a Snipp, 1989). It is also but a fraction of the total current populations of the United States (250 million in 1990) and Canada (over 25 million in 1990) (see Thornton, 1994a, 1994b). However, this 2.75 million remains far less than the estimated over 7 million circa 1492 (see Thornton, 1987a). The total then becomes around 2.75 million in North America north of Mexico-obviously a significant increase from the perhaps fewer than 400,000 around the turn of the century, some 250,000 of which were in the United States. 1 To this may be added some 740,000 Native Americans in Canada in 1986 (575,000 American Indians, 35,000 Eskimo, and 130,000 Metis), plus some additional increase to today and perhaps 30,000 Native Americans in Greenland. census decennial enumerations indicate a Native American population growth for the United States that has been nearly continuous since 1900 (except for an influenza epidemic in 1918 that caused serious losses), to 1.42 million by 1980 and to over 1.9 million by 1990. After some 400 years of population decline beginning soon after the arrival of Columbus in the Western Hemisphere, the Native American population north of Mexico began to increase around the turn of the twentieth century.
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